Core Concepts in Economics: Empirical Concepts

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Exogeneity and Endogeneity


Instrumental Variables (IV)


Causal Inference (Correlation vs. Causation)


Difference-in-Differences (DiD)


Regression Discontinuity (RD)


Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)


Natural Experiments and Quasi-Experimental Design


Selection Bias


Omitted Variable Bias and Confounding


Effect Size and Effect Variability


Type 1 and Type 2 Errors


Identification Strategy


Fixed Effects vs. Random Effects


Panel Data vs. Cross-sectional Data


External Validity and Internal Validity


Heterogeneous Treatment Effects


Counterfactual Thinking


Cost Benefit Analysis

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