Posts

Core Concepts in Economics: Extensions of Fundamentals

  Comparative Advantage Market Failure (Public Goods, Externalities, Information Asymmetry) General vs. Partial Equilibrium Market Structure (Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopolistic Competition) Principal-Agent Problems Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection Behavioral Biases (Prospect Theory, Loss Aversion, Hyperbolic Discounting) Labor-Leisure Tradeoff Fiscal and Monetary Policy (and their transmission mechanisms) Inflation, Unemployment, Growth (Macroeconomic indicators) The Business Cycle General Welfare Economics (Pareto Efficiency, Kaldor-Hicks Efficiency) Returns to Scale (Increasing, Decreasing, Constant) Rent Seeking Choice Architecture

Core Concepts in Economics: Empirical Concepts

  Exogeneity and Endogeneity Instrumental Variables (IV) Causal Inference (Correlation vs. Causation) Difference-in-Differences (DiD) Regression Discontinuity (RD) Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) Natural Experiments and Quasi-Experimental Design Selection Bias Omitted Variable Bias and Confounding Effect Size and Effect Variability Type 1 and Type 2 Errors Identification Strategy Fixed Effects vs. Random Effects Panel Data vs. Cross-sectional Data External Validity and Internal Validity Heterogeneous Treatment Effects Counterfactual Thinking Cost Benefit Analysis

Core Concepts in Economics: Fundamentals

This post serves as a primer for future posts related to topics in economics. While not necessarily core to a critical thinking curriculum, economic concepts are vital for understanding a modern policy environment. I cannot begin to describe the vast disconnect between basic economic literacy and the folk models held by large swaths of the general public. As an economist myself, perhaps I am biased in thinking many of our problems in society are in some way, caused by this illiteracy. However, I think there is a strong case to be made that obsolete, ideologically laden, underdeveloped, and empirically unsound economic mental models held by various groups, are contributing significantly to the deterioration of the nations welfare. Therefore, I think it's important to lay out how professional or academic economists come to their conclusions. The public broadly has no idea what economists do; how they reason, their models of the economy, what a model even is, their sources of informat...